作者：劉新會
綜觀近年來高考單項填空題,不難發現命題者為了考查考生分析和解決問題的綜合能力,有意對試題題干進行"加工"處理,增設干擾信息,加大解題難度。筆者現結合高考試題,總結歸納單選試題結構變化的六個特點,供高三學生復習時參考。
一、相鄰成分分離化
原本連在一起的句子成分經過命題者的巧妙設置出現了分離現象。
[考例]
1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
析:本題題干相當長。當我們去掉作狀語用的for these fans, this year, for the first time,及in years,去掉定語exciting則句子簡化成:It was a moment, ________ their team won the World Cup.顯然,這是一個表時間的非限制性定語從句,先行詞a moment與定語從句their team won the World Cup之間出現了分離現象,正確答案為D。
二、多元結構重疊化
命題者為了綜合考查考生語言靈活運用能力,往往在試題中增設多元結構。
[考例]
2. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________ with each other.
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
析:通過語境可知,此句為并列句,其中又含有否定詞never位于句首的倒裝結構的應用。答案為C。
3. Only when your identity has been checked, ________ .
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
析:本題不僅帶有when引導的時間狀語從句,又有only修飾狀語,屬句子結構倒裝的現象。正確答案為D。
三、固定結構隱蔽化
近年來高考對固定結構的考查趨于隱蔽,使得原本熟悉的結構變得陌生,考生很容易錯選答案。
[考例]
4. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________ some schools for poor children.
A. set up B. setting up
C. have set up D. having set up
析:本題考查固定搭配devote...to...(其中to為介詞,后接名詞/代詞或動名詞)不少考生抓住he had to并迅速選擇A。其實,此時had to與set up并不構成固定搭配,因為he had為定語從句,修飾先行詞all, set up 應與devote all...to...構成固定搭配,故答案為B。
四、簡單結構句式化
原本一些簡單的句子,由于增加句式或增添一些詞語,致使解題信息隱蔽含蓄。
[考例]
5. It is the ability to do the job ________ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that
C. what D. it
析:本題原來是一簡單句:主語the ability,謂語是matters,句子為:The ability matters.意為:能力最要緊。題干之所以顯得繁雜是因為使用了強調句型,又有意增設不定式作ability的定語以及not where...or what...作句子的狀語,這樣不僅增加了考生理解題干的難度,給解題也造成了一定的障礙。答案為B。
6. ________ role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C. What interesting
D. What an interesting
析:簡單的陳述句為:She played an interesting role in the film.通過句型轉換成為感嘆句。正確答案為D。
五、省略成分復雜化
有時為了避免重復,使語言簡練緊湊,往往省去一個或多個句子成分或詞語,甚至一些重要語境信息,這給解題加大了難度。
[考例]
7.- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
- ________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
析:本題的關鍵在于能否看出此題是個省略句,答語省略的部分為I always make you eat an egg every day,并且也是正確解題的重要信息,答案為C。動詞不定式短語作目的狀語。
8. - What do you think made Mary so upset?
- ________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
析:本題答語為省略句,省略了謂語和復合賓語部分,補充完整為Losing her new bicycle( made Mary so upset ),動名詞短語作主語,故答案為C。
六、插入成分多樣化
插入成分位置靈活,形式多種多樣,這也使得原本簡單的句子結構復雜化。
[考例]
9. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
析:該題插入部分as well as telephones的提前,目的就是迷惑考生 e-mail和telephones哪個是主語,依據語法規則,主語為E-mail,因此答案選A。
10. -Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
-So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
析:該題中的插入成分working hard...lessons,其實應為現在分詞短語作定語,修飾the students,句子的主語是each,顯然缺少謂語動詞,又根據下文So do I. 所用的時態,故答案選B。